Postoperative anterior uveitis in a patient submitted to combined treatment with cataract surgery and iStent inject®. How to manage? / Uveíte anterior no pós-operatório de facectomia combinada com implante de iStent inject®. Como manejar?

ABSTRACT Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries are surgical treatment alternatives for glaucoma aimed at reducing intraocular pressure with a better safety profile compared to traditional trabeculectomy. However, in spite of less invasive techniques, complications may develop in any surgical procedure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of anterior uveitis following combined treatment with cataract surgery and iStent inject® which addresses the management of postoperative inflammation.

RESUMO As cirurgias minimamente invasivas para glaucoma consistem em uma opção de tratamento cirúrgico para glaucoma, a qual promove redução da pressão intraocular com melhor perfil de segurança do que a trabeculectomia. Todavia, complicações são inerentes à realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos, apesar do uso de técnicas menos invasivas. Este é o primeiro relato que apresenta um caso de uveíte anterior após cirurgia combinada de catarata e iStent inject®, além de orientações quanto ao manejo do quadro inflamatório.

Anterior uveitis as a manifestation of ocular tuberculosis / Uveíte anterior como manifestação de tuberculose ocular

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of great magnitude in the world. Of patients with extrapulmonary disease, ocular manifestations are rare but among reported cases the most common ocular manifestation is uveitis. The diagnosis of ocular TB should be made as early as possible so that treatment is initiated and the risks of ocular complications are minimized. The objective of this study is to report an ocular TB case that presented as anterior uveitis. A 52-year-old female patient, a nursing technician at a large hospital, presented a history of low visual acuity associated with myiodesopsia for 4 days. Her ophthalmologic history included an iridotomy due to narrow angle in both eyes. On examination, the best corrected visual acuity was 20/100, right eye, and 20/80, left eye. Among the most significant ocular alterations were granulomatous keratic precipitates, anterior chamber reaction, flare and light vitreitis, corresponding to anterior uveitis. Based on clinical history and ophthalmologic examination, tests were ordered that corroborated the diagnosis of ocular TB. Thereafter, antituberculous therapy was instituted with a good response in 15 days, including improvement in visual acuity. The patient was followed-up by ophthalmology and infectology. Intraocular TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any type of intraocular inflammation. The diagnosis of presumed ocular TB is a clinical challenge with the diagnosis modalities currently available. The faster the onset of treatment, the better the visual prognosis of the affected patient.

RESUMO A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa de grande magnitude no mundo. Dos pacientes com doença extrapulmonar, as manifestações oculares são raras, mas entre os casos relatados, a manifestação ocular mais comum é a uveíte. O diagnóstico de TB ocular deve ser feito o mais precoce possível para que o tratamento seja iniciado e os riscos de complicações oculares sejam minimizados. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de TB ocular que se apresentou como uveíte anterior. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, 52 anos, técnica de enfermagem de um hospital de grande porte, apresentou história de baixa acuidade visual associada à miodesopsia por 4 dias. Sua história oftalmológica incluía uma iridotomia devido ao ângulo estreito em ambos os olhos. No exame, a melhor acuidade visual corrigida foi 20/100, olho direito, e 20/80, olho esquerdo. Dentre as alterações oculares mais significativas, destacam-se precipitados ceráticos granulomatosos, reação de câmara anterior, flare e vitreíte leve, correspondendo à uveíte anterior. Com base na história clínica e no exame oftalmológico, foram solicitados exames que corroboram o diagnóstico de TB ocular. Posteriormente, a terapia antituberculosa foi instituída com uma boa resposta em 15 dias, incluindo melhora na acuidade visual. A paciente foi acompanhada pelas especialidades: oftalmologia e infectologia. A TB intraocular deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de qualquer tipo de inflamação intraocular. O diagnóstico presumível de tuberculose ocular é um desafio clínico com as modalidades de diagnóstico atualmente disponíveis. Quanto mais rápido o início do tratamento, melhor o prognóstico visual do paciente afetado.

Características y manejo de la uveítis en el paciente con espondiloartropatías / Characteristics and management of uveitis associated to the spondiloarthropaties

La inflamación de los contenidos intraoculares o uveítis afectará a alrededor de un tercio de los pacientes con espondiloartropatías, especialmente a aquéllos con espondilitis anquilosante. La uveítis típica será unilateral, aguda y autolimitada, afectando los componentes de la úvea anterior: iris y cuerpo ciliar. Pese a ser muy sintomáticas se asocian a bajo riesgo de pérdida visual permanente. Su tratamiento es tópico, en base a corticoides y midriáticos. La terapia inmunosupresora y con menor frecuencia los biológicos, están reservados para los infrecuentes casos crónicos. Es posible reducir la frecuencia e intensidad de las recidivas con metotrexato o sulfasalazina, pero la evidencia que sostiene esta indicación es pobre.

The inflammatory disease affecting the intraocular contents we know as uveitis will affect around one every three patients with spondyloarthropaties, in particular those presenting ankylosing spondylitis. The typical uveitis attack will be unilateral, acute and self-limited, affecting the components of the anterior uvea; this is iris and ciliary body. Despite being very symptomatic, their associated risk of permanent vision loss is low. Treatment is based on topical therapy with corticosteroids and mydriatic eye drops. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy and rarely biologic agents are reserved for the infrequent chronic cases. The use of methotrexate and sulfadiazine could possibly reduce the frequency and intensity of uveitis recurrencies, but evidence supporting this practice is poor.

Relapsing acute myeloid leukemia presenting as hypopyon uveitis.

Anterior segment infiltration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) presenting as hypopyon uveitis is very rare. We report this case as an uncommon presentation in a patient on remission after bone marrow transplant for AML. In addition to the hypopyon, the patient presented with “red eye” caused by ocular surface disease due to concurrent graft-versus-host disease and glaucoma. The classical manifestations of masquerade syndrome due to AML were altered by concurrent pathologies. Media opacities further confounded the differential diagnosis. We highlight the investigations used to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. In uveitis, there is a need to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion, as early diagnosis in ocular malignancy can save sight and life.

Uveíte anterior na ausência de esclerite em paciente com artrite reumatóide: relato de caso / Anterior uveitis in the absence of scleritis in a pacient with rheumathoid arthritis: case report

A artrite reumatóide é a colagenose mais comum, afetando cerca de 0,6 por cento da população brasileira e é uma grande causadora de deformidades articulares em mais variadas formas. A principal manifestação ocular da artrite reumatóide é a ceratoconjuntivite sicca (Sjögren secundária), seguida pela esclerite, úlcera periférica da córnea e uveíte. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso de uveíte anterior em paciente com artrite reumatóide, uma apresentação rara em pacientes com esta patologia. Paciente feminina, 55 anos, portadora de artrite reumatóide, apresentando quadro de dor e piora súbita da acuidade visual no olho direito. O exame mostrava reação de câmara anterior com hipópio, úlcera corneana periférica e pressão intraocular de 32 mmHg. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de uveíte anterior hipertensiva e úlcera corneana periférica e realizado tratamento com corticóide oral e tópico, antibiótico tópico, colírio cicloplégico e hipotensores oculares tópicos e sistêmicos. Os casos de uveíte anterior são comuns em doenças reumatológicas, principalmente em artropatias soronegativas relacionadas ao HLA-B27, conferindo grande causa de morbidade a esses pacientes. Neste trabalho relatamos um caso de uveíte anterior em paciente com artrite reumatóide, uma apresentação rara encontrada na literatura médica atual.

Rheumathoid arthritis is the most common collagenosis and affects almost 0.6 percent of brazilian population. It is an important cause of articular deformities. The main ocular manifestation of rheumathoid arthritis is dry eyes (secondary Sjögren's syndrome), followed by scleritis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis and uveitis. The aim of this paper is to present a case of anterior uveitis in the absence of scleritis in a patient with rheumathoid arthritis, a very rare presentation in this type of patient. Female patient, 55 years old, with rheumathoid arthritis, presenting suddenly ocular pain and low vision in the right eye. Her exam showed anterior chamber reaction with hypopion, peripheral corneal keratitis and intraocular pressure of 32 mmHg. She was diagnosed with hypertensive anterior uveitis and peripheral corneal keratitis and treated with systemic and topical corticosteroids, topical antibiotic, topic and systemic ocular hypotensive and mydriatic drops. Anterior uveitis is common in rheumatological diseases, especially in those soronegative arthropathies related to HLA B27. In this paper we present a patient with rheumathoid arthritis and anterior uveitis in the absence of scleritis, a rare presentation in actual medical literature.

A Retained Lens Fragment Induced Anterior Uveitis and Corneal Edema 15 Years after Cataract Surgery

A 60-year-old male was referred to the ophthalmologic clinic with aggravated anterior uveitis and corneal edema despite the use of topical and systemic steroids. He had undergone cataract surgery in both eyes 15 years previous. Slit lamp examinations revealed a retained lens fragment in the inferior angle of the anterior chamber, with severe corneal edema and mild anterior uveitis. The corneal edema and uveitis subsided following surgical extraction of the lens fragment. That a retained lens fragment caused symptomatic anterior uveitis with corneal edema 15 years after an uneventful cataract surgery is unique. A retained lens fragment should be considered as one of the causes of anterior uveitis in a pseudophakic patient.

Current approach in diagnosis and management of anterior uveitis.

Uveitis is composed of a diverse group of disease entities, which in total has been estimated to cause approximately 10% of blindness. Uveitis is broadly classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis based on the anatomical involvement of the eye. Anterior uveitis is, however, the commonest form of uveitis with varying incidences reported in worldwide literature. Anterior uveitis can be very benign to present with but often can lead to severe morbidity if not treated appropriately. The present article will assist ophthalmologists in accurately diagnosing anterior uveitis, improving the quality of care rendered to patients with anterior uveitis, minimizing the adverse effects of anterior uveitis, developing a decision-making strategy for management of patients at risk of permanent visual loss from anterior uveitis, informing and educating patients and other healthcare practitioners about the visual complications, risk factors, and treatment options associated with anterior uveitis.

Fibrinous anterior uveitis following laser in situ keratomileusis.

A 29-year-old woman who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopic astigmatism in both eyes presented with severe pain, photophobia and decreased visual acuity in the left eye eight days after surgery. Examination revealed severe anterior uveitis with fibrinous exudates in the anterior chamber, flap edema and epithelial bullae. Laboratory investigations for uveitis were negative and the patient required systemic and intensive topical steroids with cycloplegics to control the inflammation. This case demonstrates that severe anterior uveitis may develop after LASIK and needs prompt and vigorous management for resolution.

Keratouveitis caused by Euphorbia plant sap.

The milky sap or latex of Euphorbia plant is highly toxic and an irritant to the skin and eye. This report illustrates the spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by accidental inoculation of latex of Euphorbia plant. Three patients presented with accidental ocular exposure to the milky sap of Euphorbia species of recent onset. The initial symptoms in all cases were severe burning sensation with blurring of vision. Visual acuity reduced from 20/60 to counting fingers. Clinical findings varied from kerato-conjunctivitis, mild to severe corneal edema, epithelial defects, anterior uveitis and secondary elevated intraocular pressure. All symptoms and signs had resolved by 10-14 days with active supportive medication. People who handle Euphorbia plants should wear eye protection. It is always advisable to ask the patient to bring a sample of the plant for identification.

Comparison between Ringer's lactate and balanced salt solution on postoperative outcomes after phacoemulsfication: A randomized clinical trial.

Aim: To compare the effects of balanced salt solution (BSS) and Ringer's lactate (RL) on corneal thickness, endothelial morphology, and postoperative anterior chamber inflammation in eyes undergoing phacoemulsification. Setting: Iladevi cataract and IOL research center, Ahmedabad, India. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study comprised 90 consecutive patients with age-related cataract who were randomly assigned to either Group 1 (n = 45) with BSS or Group 2 (n = 45) with RL. Observations made included measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT), presence of anterior chamber flare and cells, endothelial cell loss, and change in coefficient of variation (CV). Data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test and test of proportion. Results: Mean increase in CCT on postoperative Day 1 was 58microm and 97microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.01). Increase in CCT at one month was 10microm and 11microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.99); increase in CCT at three months was 3microm and 6microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.86). Number of eyes with flare grades in a range of 0 to 3 was statistically higher in Group 2 on postoperative Day 1 ( P = 0.004, 0.016, < 0.001, 0.047 for Grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively). Number of eyes with cells of Grade 3 on first postoperative day was significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 ( P = 0.004). Three months postoperatively, endothelial cell loss was 5.5% and 7.8% in Groups 1 and 2 ( P = 0.21) and change in CV was 3 and 5.4 in Groups 1 and 2 ( P = 0.20) respectively. Conclusion: BSS offers a significant advantage over RL in terms of increase in corneal thickness and postoperative inflammation on the first postoperative day in patients undergoing phacoemulsification.

Acute anterior uveitis as the initial presentation of alkaptonuria.

Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that may present with multi-system involvement such as ochronotic arthropathy, renal, urethral and prostatic calculi, cardiac valvular lesions and pigmentation of the skin, sclera, cartilage and other connective tissues. An association of the disease with uveitis has never been reported. We report the first case of alkaptonuria with ochronotic arthropathy presenting with recurrent acute anterior uveitis as the initial manifestation. The possible common link with the HLA-B27 gene is discussed.

Recurrent Occlusion of Laser Iridotomy Sites After Posterior Chamber Phakic IOL Implantation

We report a case of recurrent occlusion of laser iridotomy (LI) sites after a Visian ICL (Implantable contact lens version 4, Staar Surgical AG, Nidau, Switzerland) implantation. A 45-year-old woman had bilateral ICL implantation after placement of two peripheral LI sites in each eye to prevent pupillary block. At one month after the operation, severe narrowing or occlusion of four LI sites occurred. After this, although she received four additional LIs at postoperative months 1, 6, 9 and 10 in both eyes, the narrowing or occlusion recurred. Mild chronic anterior chamber inflammation was observed intermittently throughout the follow-up period. We performed clear lens extraction in both eyes (at postoperative month 11 in the left eye and month 26 in the right eye) due to recurrent occlusion of the LI sites and excess trabecular meshwork pigment deposition presumably caused by the four repeated LIs. Recurrent obstruction of LI sites can occur after ICL implantation. These problems were unresolvable despite four repeated laser iridotomies. The risks associated with anterior uveitis must be considered when planning an ICL implantation.

role of immune system in idiopathic anterior uveitis

Idiopathic anterior uveitis is an anterior segment inflammation in which a detailed medical history, general and ocular physical examination is not associated with any defined clinical syndrome. Alterations in immune system parameters have been reported in patients with idiopathic posterior uveitis; however no data on the role of immune system in idiopathic anterior uveitis has yet been reported. In this study the immune system function in patients with idiopathic anterior uveitis was evaluated. To evaluate the immune system function in patients with idiopathic non-infectious anterior uveitis. 51 patients with anterior uveitis, 32 women [62.7%] and 19 men [37.3%], participated in this study. Intensity of intraocular inflammation was scored according to standard uveitis grading system. In all cases, serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G, M and E, C3 and C4 complement components, and autoantibodies against ds-DNA and ACLA, were measured using ELISA method. 49 patients out of 51 [96%] showed altered serum levels of immunological parameters, compared with normal values. Changes in serum immunoglobulin concentration were present in 44 patients, with increased IgA levels being the most common. Serum values of C3 and C4 complement proteins were also increased in 29 subjects. ds-DNA autoantibody was positive in 15 and equivocal in 19 cases. ACLA was positive and equivocal in 3 and 9 patients, respectively. Immune abnormalities found in serum of 49 patients with idiopathic anterior uveitis may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder

[Role of anxiety in idiopathic acute anterior uveitis]

To evaluate the role of anxiety in idiopathic acute anterior uveitis. In this case-control study, three groups including 30 patients with uveitis, 30 patients with conjunctivitis, and 30 healthy control were enrolled for estimating the anxiety level by employing Zung anxiety assessment and a structured clinical interview. T test and Chi square test were used for statistical analysis. Mean anxiety level was 37.5, 33.5, and 33.5 in the anterior uveitis, conjunctivitis, and control groups, respectively. [P<0.001] Severe anxiety was present in 23%, 7% and 17% of the uveitis, conjunctivitis and the control groups, respectively. The individuals were male in 60%, 53%, and 57% and were married in 77%, 70%, and 83% of the uveitis, conjunctivitis and control groups, respectively. Mean age uveitis, conjunctivitis, and control groups was 42.6 yr, 33.6 yr, and 31.1 yr, respectively. [P<0.01, F=3.09] The present findings have verified that anxiety may be effective in idiopathic acute anterior uveitis

Uveítes anteriores associadas a doenças sistêmicas / Anterior uveitis associated to systemic diseases

As uveítes anteriores são caracterizadas pela inflamação preponderante do segmento anterior do olho. Hiperemia conjuntival, reação de câmara anterior com células e "flare", precipitados ceráticos e sinéquias posteriores são sinais que compõem o quadro inflamatório. Aspectos clínicos de algumas doenças sistêmicas envolvidas na etiologia das uveítes anteriores serão abordados neste artigo.

Uveítes associadas a doenças reumáticas / a

Uveíte é uma inflamação do trato uveal ocular. Pode estar associada à doenças reumáticas em até 40 por cento dos casos, sendo a uveíte anterior e a pan-uveíte agudas as formas de apresentação mais encontradas. A uveíte anterior aguda (UAA) pode estar associada com a positividade do HLA-B27, freqüente nas espondiloartropatias soronegativas e na artrite reumatóide juvenil (ARJ) pauciarticular tipo II. Pode ser encontrada também na sarcoidose e na doença de Behçet. A uveíte anterior crônica é muito menos freqüente que a UAA e comumente ocorre em associação com a ARJ pauciarticular tipo I e com a presença de anticorpos antinucleares. A uveíte posterior pode ocorrer no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) e a pan-uveíte pode ser encontrada principalmente na sarcoidose

Uveítes anteriores näo granulomatosas, espondiloartropatias e HLA-B27 / Non granulomatous anterior uveitis, spondyloarthropathies and human leukocyte antigens - B27 (HLA-B27)

Com o objetivo de estudar os portadores de uveítes anterioes näo granulomatosas, suas relaçöes com as espondiloartropatias e com os antígenos leucocitários humanos - B27 (HLA-B27), foi elaborado o presente estudo numa populaçäo de 100 pacientes com a oftalmopatia. Dentre eles, 38 apresentaram uma patologia do grupo das espondiloartropatias como doença de base: Espondilite anquilosante (11 pacientes), Sindrome de Reiter (5 pacientes), Artrite psoriásica (1 paciente), Espondiloartropatia indiferenciada (15 pacientes) e Espondiloartropatia "inter-relacionada" (6 pacientes). Dos 100 pacientes avaliados, a pesquisa do HLA-B27 foi positiva em 26 (26 por cento) ocorrendo em 10 (16,1 por cento) dentre os 62 pacientes que näo apresentaram espondiloartropatia e em 16 (42,1 por cento) dos 38 enfermos que mostraram uma espondiloartropatia como doença de base. Assim, um portador de uveíte anterior näo granulomatosa e do antigeno HLA-B27 tem 3,8 vezez mais chances de cursar com uma espondiloartropatia do que um indivíduo cujo HLA-B27 é negativo (p<0,05). A comparaçäo de grupos de pacientes com uveíte anterior näo granulomatosa caracterizados pela presença ou ausência de espondiloartropatias e pela positividade ou negatividade para o HLA-B27, levou às seguintes conclusöes: a) os homens teem 4,7 vezez mais chances de apresentar positividade para o HLA-B27 do que as mulheres (p=0,003); b) os pacientes do sexo masculino portadores do HLA-B27 têm 8,4 vezes mais chances de portar uma espondiloartropatia do que os pacientes do sexo feminino (p=0,02); c) independentemente da positividade do HLA-B27, os homens têm 3,1 vezes mais chances de desenvolver uma espondiloartropatia do que as mulheres (p=0,01); d) näo se observou associaçäo entre a cor do paciente e a positividade do HLA-B27, independente da presença ou ausência de espondiloartropatia; e) caracteristicamente a uveíte anterior associada ao HLA-B27, independente da presença ou ausência de espondiloartropatia; e) caracteristicamente a uveíte anterior associada ao HLA-B27, independente da presença ou ausência de espondiloartropatia, é unilateral ou unilateral alternante (p<0,05); f) näo há associaçäo entre recorrência da uveíte e positividade para o HLA-B27, independente da presença ou ausência de espondiloartropatia. Dentre os 100 pacientes com uveíte anterior, em 37 deles houve evoluçäo para a forma crônica de uveíte...

Detection of anti-PPD IgG antibody and PPD-induced delayed type hypersensitivity in anterior uveitis patients.

Present study relates to the results of anti-PPD IgG, anti-A60 and antinuclear antibodies and PPD-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in 17 anterior uveitis, (AU) patients. Results of anti-PPD IgG assay revealed detection of higher mean antibody level (O.D. 0.11 +/- 0.06) compared to healthy controls (O.D. 0.04 +/- 0.03), other eye disease controls (O.D. 0.05 +/- 0.003) and leprosy controls (O.D. 0.03 +/- 0.03). Anti-A60 IgM antibody assay revealed insignificant differences in mean antibody levels between various groups. Four of 17(23.5%) AU patients and 1(5.8%) subject each, belonging to other eye disease and healthy control groups had raised anti-nuclear antibody index. Findings of PPD skin test revealed detection of moderate to strong (2 to 4+) reactivity in 14 (82%). AU patients. Conversely, 13(76%) healthy controls and 8(47%) other eye disease controls gave mild (1+) reactivity. Results of this study suggested possible role of hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens in pathogenesis of anterior uveitis.